Research

Sources

The main sources cited on this site, in one place, grouped by publisher. Each page lists its own sources in full. Data as of 27 October 2026.

EU law and institutions

European Union: Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 of 11 April 2024, Critical Raw Materials Act. Scope of the Atlas and the 2030 benchmarks.
European Union: Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 of 12 July 2023, Battery Regulation. Recycling targets, and minimum shares of recycled cobalt, lithium, nickel and lead in new batteries from 2031.
European Commission: Study on the critical raw materials for the EU 2023, final report. EU import reliance and EU sources, averages for 2016 to 2020.
European Commission: Press release IP/26/2113, 9 October 2026. 46 new Strategic Projects from the second call.
European Commission: Joint statement at the second meeting of the EU-China Trade and Investment Consultations, STATEMENT/26/2122, 9 October 2026. Fast-track licences for rare earth and magnet exports.
European Court of Auditors: Special report 04/2026, Critical raw materials for the energy transition. EU capacity against the 2030 benchmarks, 2016 to 2020.
Joint Research Centre: Raw Materials Information System. EU lists of critical and strategic raw materials.

Governments

China, MOFCOM: Export control announcements, 2023 to 2025, among them No. 10 and No. 18 of 2025. The materials under licence.
China, MOFCOM: Announcements No. 55 to 58, 61, 62 and 70 of 2025. The October 2025 controls and their suspension to 10 November 2026.
China, MOFCOM: Announcement No. 72 of 2025. Suspension, until 27 November 2026, of the ban on exports of gallium, germanium, antimony and superhard materials to the United States.
China, MOFCOM: Official briefing on the outcome of the eighth round of China-US economic and trade consultations, 28 September 2026. Extension of the Kuala Lumpur arrangement with the United States to 10 January 2027.
Germany: Federal government answer, Bundestag printed paper 21/7684, 21 August 2026. No state stockpiles of critical raw materials.
Zimbabwe: Ministry of Mines and Mining Development, statements of February and April 2026, reported by Reuters. Lithium concentrate exports.

International agencies

IEA: Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026. World processing shares, mostly 2025.
IEA: The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy Transitions, 2021. Minerals in an electric car with a 75 kWh NMC battery.
USGS: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026. World mining and processing shares, one chapter per material.

Trade data and factsheets

Eurostat: Comext. Extra-EU imports by the EU-27, 2024 and 2025, one query per material.
SCRREEN: Factsheets. EU demand and supply per material.

Alliances

NATO: List of 12 defence-critical raw materials, 11 December 2024.
NATO: Allies launch new project on critical raw materials for defence, 7 July 2026. The joint project of 12 allies.

Specialist press

CIRS: China temporarily suspends export controls on key raw materials, 12 November 2025. Notes on MOFCOM Announcement No. 70 of 2025.
CLEPA: Urgent action needed as China’s export restrictions on rare earths disrupt European automotive supply chains, 4 June 2025.
EUWID: New battery waste codes to become mandatory from November 2026, 2 June 2025. Black mass and lithium-ion battery waste as hazardous waste in the EU from 9 December 2026.
Lovguiden: Danish legal portal that republishes the European Commission press corner. Commission press release of 20 October 2026 on the raw materials partnership with New Caledonia, the 17th.
Reuters: Zimbabwe’s lithium export rules, February and April 2026.

Material pages

BHP: Why AI tools and data centres are driving copper demand, January 2025. Copper in data centres.
Al Jazeera: Project Vault, the US civilian stockpile of critical minerals, February 2026.
Reporte Minero: Copper prices, Cochilco data, August 2026.
Eurostat: Consumption of inorganic fertilisers 2023; structural business statistics 2023. Fertiliser use and industry figures on the material pages.
Fertilizers Europe: Forecast of fertiliser use, 2024 to 2034.
GMK Center: The EU has reduced its imports of raw materials by 11% since 2020, 1 June 2026; infographic on DRI expansion and the pellet gap, 18 June 2026. EU iron ore imports and direct reduction (DR) pellets.
LKAB: Annual and Sustainability Report 2025.
World Bank: Commodity prices, Pink Sheet, October 2026.
vanadiumprice.com: Vanadium pentoxide prices in Europe, October 2026.
Roland Berger: Building resilience in Europe’s aerospace & defence supply chains, July 2026. Raw material risks for European aerospace and defence.
Argus: Tungsten prices, August 2026.
Plansee: Plansee Group and Almonty extend agreement to ensure supply security, 22 July 2026. Tungsten offtake.
The Oregon Group: Why tungsten prices are rising so fast: inside the supply crunch, 29 April 2026. US defence rules on tungsten from 2027.
International Magnesium Association: Cross-industry group warns against catastrophic impact of Chinese magnesium supply shortage, 22 October 2021. The 2021 magnesium shortage.
Mining Weekly: Rio Tinto mothballs flagship Jadar lithium project, 13 November 2025. Jadar in care and maintenance.

How we cite

Each figure names its source. Where sources disagree, the Atlas shows the figure from the source named beside it. To report an error, write to info@hercinia.eu.